Comparing Ralph and Jack to Show How the Characters Change in Lord of t

Comparing Ralph and Jack to Show How the Characters Change in Lord of the FliesGolding uses many techniques to change his characters as they progressthroughout the novel. The main character Ralph is a prime example ofthis developing character.Both of the boys arrive on the island with a certain manner. They aresensible and being from well brought up families and homes, soon startto work together in harmony on the island.The first time we encounter Ralph is at the beginning of the novelwhere he is depict as The boy with fair hairHe had taken offhis school sweater...His grey shirt tuck to his back and his hairwas plastered to his forehead. The fact he has fair hair and also thequote built like a boxer suggest he could be a heroic figure. Thisemphasised by Golding when he distinctly shows Ralph to be from a publicschool as he has taken off his school sweater.We can see that Ralph is still clearly a child at this point in thenovel, he stands on his head and uses juvenile language such asWhacko and WizardWhen the give tongue to of piggy shouts out, he stops and waits. This shows usan insight that he is willing to wait for this unknown person, but hejerks up his stockings Golding uses this to show us that he isimpatient too.Later on in the chapter we see Ralph being offhand and obviouslyuninterested towardsPiggy. We feel sympathetic to Piggy as he is seenas an outcast from the very beginning.We can see that Piggy is knowledgeable as he spots the conch, andknows what it is. Although Piggy found it, Ralph is the person whoswims down to the bottom of the lagoon and collects it from the reeds,showing us that he is clearly strong and fit, as he can swim.T... ...e and ape-like and finally his painted face, hiding allinnocents and his sinister side. Near the land up of the novel, he feelsno shame about the deaths of Simon and Piggy, nor his attempts to killRalph. In the novel Jack and his tribe represent anarchy and thedownward spiral of civilisation. This is most see n when the conch,which throughout the novel is the symbol of humanity and civilisation,is smashed.Both Ralph and Jack have changed throughout the novel. Goldingpresents both of them as young innocent children at the beginning.They are almost unrecognizably by the end. They have changed bothphysical and mentally. There is an intervention at the end the Navalofficer, jokes about them having a war or something? and this ofcourse is just what is happening.The moral of the novel is with out intervention, which will win, goodor evil?

National Debt :: Economy Economics Argumentative Papers

National Debt The national debt is an issue of great concern to the economy. Each year, the debt amounts to a high percentage of GDP. As we have studied, the debt weighs down the economy, and the interest payments are consuming an ever larger share of the national budget. Something must be done to avert this crisis from coming to a head. We need to begin today, by making spending cuts ACROSS THE BOARD. These cuts must be enacted sensitively, however, in order to keep the economy changeless as we move toward a balanced budget. The need for spending cuts across the board cannot be understated. For just one example of how imbalanced our policies are, notice how 63% of all entitlements go to retirees. 93% of these are NON-MEANS-TESTED. Federal spending on the 65 and over age group is 11 times greater than on the 18 and under age group.1 We must pay off the debt, scarcely the current Republican plan should be votoed. First of all, it leaves welfare for the well-to -do, sociable Security, and defense off the table. In fact, the current plan calls for a $34,000,000,000 increase in defense spending.2 (Doesnt the military have the discipline to learn to be more cost-effective?) At the same time, the Republicans are calling for a $245,000,000,000 tax cut. Their plan is supposed to restrict the growth of Medicare. This is a good start, but they have no definite plans on how to restrict it. Basically, the Republican plan aims to balance the budget entirely at the expense of the young (for whom we are seek to balance the budget), the environment that they will inherit, the poor, and the weak, while sparing the rich, thealready-by-far most powerful military in the world, the elderly (the ones who accrued most of this debt for us),

Histories Maladies :: essays research papers

It seems these days that our worlds narration is becoming more and more misconstrued and misused. Everywhere you look or read about(predicate) history, someone has made a massive blunder. Facts become fiction and fiction fact. And its always done so to someone or some groups benefit.Take the history of slavery, for example. This always controversial subject has been a key element in the history of our United States of America for many generations, and will be for many more. hardly the truth, rather the complete truth is not taught in school. Why? Because if it was there are certain groups of people that would be outraged. This is not a racist or prejudiced view, only if people who seem to believe that others should be held accountable for what their ancestors did to the others ancestors will always hold a compulsive voice in what is taught in history.Where did this point come from? Simple as we all know, native Africans were sold into slavery during American colonial times. Tha t has never been disputed. What is not taught, however, is who sold them into slavery. And why is that? Because if it were taught, that controlling minority would lose its control, not just over history, nevertheless politics, education and more.And whats more about slavery is that it wasnt only Africans who were sold into slavery during the course of mankind, but also Jews, Arabs, Irish, Scottish, English, Germans... The list goes on. In fact, every major ethnicity or nationality has had members of its ancestry enslaved at some point in time. Its nothing that hasnt been performed for eons. but why do we concentrate so hard on the slavery of Africans? Because we have to.Another problem with history as it is taught is religious persecution. Christianity for many centuries has complained that it is persecuted constantly throughout history. Yes, thats true, but Christianity fails to point out that it itself is one of the worst religions when it comes to persecuting other religions. T he Crusades are a prime example of persecution performed by Christianity. No religion is exempt from having been persecuted or having performed persecution. But were not allowed to know that.The Jewish religion is another example. Always one of the most fiercest anti-Christian religions, Judaism is known for being persecuted. Although true enough that their religion has most emphatically suffered the worst religious abuse they too participate in the active destruction of other religions.

The Lack of Man in Lac Léman Essay -- Literary Analysis

The narrator of Hubert Aquins novel next Episode cannot breathe hes drowning. The author presents water as a deadly force that has the ability to stifle life. Aquin employs the characteristics of water to represent the narrators inability to express his matter identity and therefore himself. Multiple symbols are used throughout the earmark, such as fire and ice, but water is an overpowering and important aspect of the book because it conveys a sense of inertia in the individual. This notion of water is connected to the repression of Quebec nationality. The book discusses water in a variety of different contexts as the primary election foundation for the horizontal surface (as interpreted by the translator), as a metaphor for self and as a replacement for language. peeing, weaved into a nationalistic allegory, is given contradictory attributes and is both a life giver and life taker simultaneously. This double approach to the basic element of water embodies both his drive to exp ress him nationality and his incapacity to really vocalize his own existence.The tale begins below the waters of Lac Lman, as the narrator states its in the area of this invisible lake that Ill set my story (4). The lake is central to the story, as it is this water (or water which flows from it) that he speaks of in terms of the self and language. The place names of this body of water are also square for French-Canadian nationality. The translator Sheila Fischman has as much literary power as the narrator. This is because without having read the French edition of the text, the English edition modifies meaning concerning the image of water. Fischman does this by consistently using the French name for the lake Lac Lman instead of using its English name Lake ... ...erves to corroborate the asphyxiation of a definitive French-Canadian national narrative. Water at once embodies the narrators want to express his nationality and personal identity, but also his inability to do so. Ultim ately, Water becomes a type of still courage for the narrator that never produces substantial results, so he looks towards a future revolution to conceive a genuine national identity. Works CitedAquin, Hubert. Next Episode. Trans. Sheila Fischman. Toronto McClelland & Steward Ltd. 2010. 1,4, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24-25, 46, 49, 52, 53, 67, 74, 84, 122, 128.Stewart, Susan Louise. Beyond Borders Reader Other Places in Childrens Literature. Childrens Literature in Education 39.2 (2008) 95-105. 98. Springer E-Books. Proxy. Queens University Lib., Kingston. 1 Nov. 2010

Who Killed Eddie Carbone and Why :: A View from the Bridge Arthur Miller

Who Killed Eddie Carbone and Why IntroductionIn a poor Italian community of Brooklyn, the Carbone family consistsof three members. Eddie Carbone, the man of the house. BeatriceCarbone, wife of Eddie Carbone and Catherine, their niece. But, theydidnt consider that their little(a) realness would be turning upside downwith the arrival of Beatrice cousins Marco and Rodolpho. Reading andwatching the story, I will base my evidence on who killed EddieCarbone and why.Eddie CarboneEddie Carbone was a 40 year old man, who was husky, slighty overweightlongshoreman. Hes an ordinary man who lives in a poor Italiancommunity of Brooklyn with his family. He is curb of the house orthe man of the house - both Beatrice and Catherine are obviously usedto him laying down the rules. He sees this as a manly thing to doand he expects all men to do the same - which is why he cannot acceptRodolphos more gentle talents. He showed his generosity to his wifescousins, Marco and Rodolpho, by letting them stay a round his house.Even living in Brooklyn most of his life, he still doesnt have enoughtrust for people. His Honour and compliment meant a lot to him. He would doanything to protect his good name, especially in later stages.He was very protective of his niece, Catherine. He considered her hisown little daughter. He paid for her typing lessons and had ambitionsfor her to rise to a different class. He is proud of her looks, yet concern that she will attract the attention of men and is concernedabout her new job. He finds it hard to admit that she has become awoman. I guess I just never figured... that you would ever grow up.However, it concisely becomes apparent that Eddie is in love with Catherine.He has not made love to his wife for three months. He quickly becomesjealous of Rodolpho because of the immediate impression Rodolpho makeson Catherine. The stage directions tell us, He looks at (Catherine)like a lost boy when she tells him she loves Rodolpho. He is unableto admit this sham eful emotion to himself and is angry when Beatriceand Alfieri take for granted to mention it. His feelings for Catherine become moreobsessive and he does everything in his power to prevent theirmarriage.He tries to prove that Rodolpho is more of a sissy then a real man.He says that Rodolpho is more into sewing, cooking and singingthen into any manly stuff.

Who Killed Eddie Carbone and Why :: A View from the Bridge Arthur Miller

Who Killed Eddie Carbone and Why IntroductionIn a poor Italian community of Brooklyn, the Carbone family consistsof three members. Eddie Carbone, the man of the house. BeatriceCarbone, wife of Eddie Carbone and Catherine, their niece. But, theydidnt consider that their little world would be turning upside downwith the arrival of Beatrice cousins Marco and Rodolpho. Reading andwatching the story, I will base my evidence on who killed EddieCarbone and why.Eddie CarboneEddie Carbone was a 40 year old man, who was husky, slighty overweightlongshoreman. Hes an unremarkable man who lives in a poor Italiancommunity of Brooklyn with his family. He is master of the house orthe man of the house - both Beatrice and Catherine are plain usedto him laying down the rules. He sees this as a manly thing to doand he expects all men to do the same - which is why he cannot acceptRodolphos more gentle talents. He showed his generosity to his wifescousins, Marco and Rodolpho, by letting them stay around his house.Even living in Brooklyn virtually of his life, he still doesnt have enoughtrust for people. His Honour and Pride meant a lot to him. He would doanything to protect his good name, especially in later stages.He was very protective of his niece, Catherine. He considered her hisown little daughter. He paid for her typing lessons and had ambitionsfor her to rise to a different class. He is proud of her looks, yetconcerned that she will attract the attention of men and is concernedabout her new job. He finds it hard to admit that she has become awoman. I guess I just never figured... that you would ever grow up.However, it soon becomes apparent that Eddie is in sack out with Catherine.He has not made love to his wife for three months. He quickly becomesjealous of Rodolpho because of the immediate impression Rodolpho makeson Catherine. The stage directions tell us, He looks at (Catherine)like a wooly boy when she tells him she loves Rodolpho. He is unableto admit this shameful emotion to himself and is angry when Beatriceand Alfieri dare to mention it. His feelings for Catherine become moreobsessive and he does everything in his place to prevent theirmarriage.He tries to prove that Rodolpho is more of a sissy then a real man.He says that Rodolpho is more into sewing, cooking and interpretthen into any manly stuff.

Helicopter

hHelicopter Definition A helicopter (or chopper, helo or whirlybird) is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust atomic number 18 supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take finish up-key and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be utilize in congested or isolated aras where fixed-wing aircraft would usually not be able to take off or land.The cap mightiness to hover efficiently for extended periods of time allows a helicopter to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft and other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft cannot perform. The word helicopter is adapted from the French helicoptere, coined by Gustave de Ponton dAmecourt in 1861, which originates from the Greek helix/helik- ( ) = twisted, curved and pteron ( ) = wing. Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first in operation(p) helicopter in 1936 .Some helicopters reached limited production, but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131 aircraft built. Though most earlier designs used much than one main rotor, it is the single main rotor with anti-torque tail rotor configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration. Tandem rotor helicopters ar as well in widespread use, due to their better payload capacity. Quad rotor helicopters and other types of multicomputer have been developed for specialized applications. UsesDue to the operating characteristics of the helicopterits ability to take off and land vertically, and to hover for extended periods of time, as well as the aircrafts handling properties under low airspeed conditionsit has been chosen to conduct tasks that were previously not possible with other aircraft, or were time- or work-intensive to accomplish on the ground. Today, helicopter uses include expatriation of people and carg o, military uses, construction, firefighting, search and rescue, tourism, medical transport, and aerial observation, among others.Sikorsky S-64 throw crane lifting a prefab house Sikorsky S-76C+ air ambulance toll 205 dropping water on fire HH-65 Dolphin demonstrating hoist rescue capability AgustaWestland Apache lash bulge helicopter A helicopter used to carry loads connected to long cables or slings is called an aerial crane. Aerial cranes are used to place expectant equipment, like radio transmission towers and large air conditioning units, on the tops of tall buildings, or when an item must be raised up in a remote area, such as a radio tower raised on the top of a hill or mountain.Helicopters are used as aerial cranes in the logging industry to lift trees out of terrain where vehicles cannot travel and where environmental concerns prohibit the building of roads. These operations are referred to as logline because of the long, single sling line used to carry the load. The most grand-scale single non-combat helicopter operation in history was the disaster management operation chase the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Hundreds of pilots were involved in airdrop and observation missions, making dozens of sorties a day for some(prenominal) months.Helitack is the use of helicopters to combat wild land fires. The helicopters are used for aerial firefighting (or water bombing) and may be fitted with tanks or carry helibuckets. Helibuckets, such as the Bambi bucket, are usually filled by submerging the bucket into lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or portable tanks. Tanks fitted onto helicopters are filled from a hose while the helicopter is on the ground or water is siphoned from lakes or reservoirs through a hang snorkel as the helicopter hovers over the water source.Helitack helicopters are also used to deliver firefighters, who rappel down to inaccessible areas, and to resupply firefighters. Common firefighting helicopters include variants of the bell shap e 205 and the Erickson S-64 nimbuscrane helitanker. Helicopters are used as air ambulances for emergency medical assistance in situations when an ambulance cannot easily or quickly reach the scene, or cannot transport the patient to a medical facility in time. Helicopters are also used when a patient needs to be transported between medical facilities and air transportation is the most practical method for the untroubledty of the patient.Air ambulance helicopters are equipped to provide medical treatment to a patient while in flight. The use of helicopters as air ambulances is ofttimes referred to as MEDEVAC and patients are referred to as being airlifted, or medevaced. Police departments and other law enforcement agencies use helicopters to pursue suspects. Since helicopters can touch a unique aerial view, they are often used in conjunction with police on the ground to report on suspects locations and movements. They are often mounted with lighting and heat-sensing equipment for night pursuits.Military forces use attack helicopters to conduct aerial attacks on ground targets. Such helicopters are mounted with missile launchers and miniguns. Transport helicopters are used to ferry troops and supplies where the lack of an airstrip would make transport via fixed-wing aircraft impossible. The use of transport helicopters to deliver troops as an attack force on an objective is referred to as Air Assault. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) helicopter systems of varying sizes are being developed by companies for military reconnaissance and surveillance duties.Naval forces also use helicopters equipped with dipping sonar for anti-submarine warfare, since they can operate from small ships. Oil companies charter helicopters to move workers and parts quickly to remote drilling sites located out to sea or in remote locations. The speed over boats makes the high operating cost of helicopters cost effective to ensure that oil platforms continue to flow. mingled companies spe cialize in this type of operation. Other uses of helicopters include, but are not limited to * Aerial photography * Motion picture photography Electronic news gathering * Reflection seismology * Search and Rescue * Tourism or recreation * Transport Design features Parts and functions The simple rotor of a Robinson R22 Robinson R44 rotor breaker point The simple rotor of aRobinson R22showing (from the top) * The following are driven by the link rods from the rotating part of theswash denture. * Pitch hinges, allowing the blades to twist about the axis of rotation extending from blade root to blade tip. * Teeter hinge, allowing one blade to rise vertically while the other falls vertically.This motion occurs whenever translational relative face-lift is present, or in response to a cyclic control input. * Scissor link and counterweight, carries the main shaft rotation down to the upper swash plate * Rubber covers protect moving and stationary shafts * Swash plates, transmitting cycl ic and collective flip over to the blades (the top one rotates) * Three non-rotating control rods transmit pitch information to the lower swash plate * Main mast leading down to maingearbox Safety Limitations HAL Dhruvperforming aerobatics during theRoyal International Air Tattooin 2008.Royal Australian NavySquirrelhelicopters during a display at the 2008 Melbourne Grand Prix The main limitation of the helicopter is its low speed. There are several reasons a helicopter cannot fly as fast as a fixed-wing aircraft. When the helicopter is hovering, the outer tips of the rotor travel at a speed contumacious by the length of the blade and the RPM. In a moving helicopter, however, the speed of the blades relative to the air depends on the speed of the helicopter as well as on their rotational velocity. The airspeed of the advancing rotor blade is much higher than that of the helicopter itself.It is possible for this blade to exceed thespeed of sound, and thus produce vastly increased d rag and vibration. Because the advancing blade has higher airspeed than the retreating blade and generates adissymmetry of lift, rotor blades are designed to flap lift and twist in such a way that the advancing blade flaps up and develops a smaller angle of attack. Conversely, the retreating blade flaps down, develops a higher angle of attack, and generates more lift. At high speeds, the force on the rotors is such that they flap high-spiritedly and the retreating blade can reach too high an angle and stall.For this reason, the maximum safe forward airspeed of a helicopter is given a design rating calledVNE,Velocity, Never Exceed. In addition it is possible for the helicopter to fly at an airspeed where an excessive amount of the retreating blade stalls, which results in high vibration, pitch -up, and roll into the retreating blade. During the closing years of the 20th century designers began working onhelicopter noise reduction. urban communities have often expressed great dislike of noisy aircraft, and police and passenger helicopters can be unpopular.The redesigns followed the closure of some city heliports and government pull through to constrain flight paths innational parksand other places of natural beauty. Helicopters also vibrate an unadjusted helicopter can easily vibrate so much that it will shake itself apart. To reduce vibration, all helicopters have rotor adjustments for top of the inning and weight. Blade height is adjusted by changing the pitch of the blade. weightiness is adjusted by adding or removing weights on the rotor head and/or at the blade end caps. Most also have vibration dampers for height and pitch. Some also use mechanical feedback systems to sense and counter vibration.Usually the feedback system uses a mass as a stable reference and a gene linkage from the mass operates a flap to adjust the rotorsangle of attackto counter the vibration. Adjustment is difficult in part because measurement of the vibration is hard, usually req uiring cultivate accelerometers mounted throughout the airframe and gearboxes. The most common blade vibration adjustment measurement system is to use a stroboscopic flash lamp, and observe painted markings or coloured reflectors on the underside of the rotor blades. The traditional low-tech system is to mount coloured chalk on the rotor tips, and see how they mark a linen sheet.Gearbox vibration most often requires a gearbox overhaul or replacement. Gearbox or drive train vibrations can be passing harmful to a pilot. The most severe being pain, numbness, loss of tactile discrimination and dexterity. - - - - - - - - - - - Helicopter Types Legend for Category of Engines P Piston Engine T -Turbine Engine NOTEThis Chart is provided as a guide only. Manufacturer Type Designator pretending Number of Engines Minimum Crew Requirement Aerospatiale-SNIAS Sud Aviation ( hitch Eurocopter) - See Eurocopter - - Agusta A109 Agusta A109A, A109E, A109C, A109S 2T 1 A119 Agusta A119, A119MKII 1 T 1 A139 Agusta AB139 2T 1 VFR 2 IFRBell Helicopters BH04 Iroquois (all model 204 205 and CH-118 H-1 Series) 212S Eagle Single 1T 1 BH06 Jet Ranger (all model 206 CH-136 H-58 serial Kiowa) 1T 1 BH06T place 206 Twin 2T 1 BH12 Bell 212 series (all CH135 H-1N series) 2T 1 VFR 2 IFR BH214 Bell 214 series (all models except 214ST) 1T 1 BH22 Bell 222 222B 222U 2T 1 BH23 Textron (Model 230) 2T 1 BH41 Bell 412 2T 1 VFR 2 IFR BH47 Bell 47 series (all model 47 series H-13 Ranger) 1R 1 BH47T Turbine supply BH47 1T 1 BH407 Bell B407 1T 1 BH427 Bell B427 2T 1 B429 Bell 429 2T 1 BH430 Bell B430 2T 1 BHST Bell 214ST 2T 1 VFR 2 IFR Boeing (Vertol) Company Ltd. (new company name Columbia Helicopters Inc. ) HV07 Labrador (all model 107 H-46 Seaknight) 2T 2 HV34 Chinook (all model 114 H-47 series) 2T 2 BV44 All model 42/44 (H-21 series) 1P 1 Brantly Helicopter Corp. HB42 HB-42 All model 1R 1 HB43 All model 305 1P 1 Bristol BR71 Sycamore 171 1P 1 Canadian Home Rotors Inc. BABY Safa ri (Baby Belle) 1P 1 Cessna Aircraft Co. C1C Skyhook (all models) 1P 1 Doman Helicopters Inc. DM52 All model D-10B 1T 1 Eagle R&D HELCY Helicycle 1T 1Eurocopter (Includes Aerospatiale-SNIAS Sud Aviation and Messerschmidt) EC20 EC 120B 1T 1 EC25 EC225 Super Puma 2T 2 EC30 EC 130 B4 Astar (all models SA350 Series) IT 1 EC35 EC 35 2T 1 EC45 EC 145 / Bolkow-Blohm 117 2T 1 VFR 2 IFR EC55 EC 155B 2T 1 MBK7 Bolkow-Blohm 117, EC 145 2T 1 VFR 2 IFR MBH5 MBB 105 (Messerschmidt -Bolkow-Blohm) 2T 1 VFR S313 Alouette II (SE313/3130) 1T 1 S315 Alouette III Model 315 1T 1 S316 Alouette III Model 316/3160 1T 1 S318 Alouette II Model SA318 1T 1 S319 Alouette III Model 319 1T 1 S330 Puma all model SA330) 2T 1VFR 2 IFR S332 Super Puma (all model SA332) 2T 2 S342 Gazelle (all model SA341 and 342) 1T 1 S350 Astar (all model SA350 series) 1T 1 S355 Twin Star (all model SA355 series) 2T 1 S360 Dauphin (all model SA360 series) 1T 1 S365 Dauphin (all model SA365 series) 2T 1 VFR 2 IFR Enstrom EH28 Model F-28 1P 1 EH48 Model 480 1T 1 Hiller Aircraft Division HL11 All model FH-1100 (OH5A series) 1T 1 HL12 All model UH-12 series (H-23 series) 1P 1 HL2T Turbine powered HH12 1T 1 HL36 All model 360 series 1P 1 Kaman Aerospace Corp. HK12 K-1200 1T 1 Kamov KA32 Kamov KA32 2T 1 Mcdonnell-Douglas Helicopters (formerly Hughes) HU30 All model 269/300 series and Schweizer Model 300C 1P 1 HU50 All model 369/500 series 1T 1 HU52 Model 520N 1T 1 HU60 Model 600N 1T 1 EXPL All models MD900 2T 1 Messerschmidt (See Eurocopter) - See Eurocopter - - Mosquito MOZY Mosquito XE 1P 1 Revolution Helicopter M500 Revolution Mini 500 1P 1 Robinson Helicopter Co. RH22 Robinson 22 1P 1 RH44 Robinson Model R44 1P 1 RotorWay ROTO Executive, Scorpion 1P 1 ROTOT JetExec, Exec90 R162F 1T 1Schweizer HU33 Models 269D and 330SP 1T 1 Sikorsky Aircraft Division SK51 All model S-51 series 1P 1 SK55 All model S-55 series 1P 1 SK55T Turbine powered S55 1T 1 SK58 All model S-58 series 1P 1 SK 58T Turbine powered S58 2T 1 SK61 All model S-61 series (HSS-2 CH-124 H-3 Sea King) 2T 2 SK62 All model S-62 series 1T 1 SK64 All model S-64 series 2T 2 SK76 All model S-76 series 2T 1 VFR 2 IFR SK92 All model S-92 series 2T 2 upright Aviation Technologies S52 VAT Hummingbird 1P 1 Example of helicopter design Helicopter Technical Drawing

Dell Hbr Case Study

INTRODUCTION dell Computers was started by Michael dingle in 1984. dells primary differentiator was its origin model. It exchange primarily on the B2C food market and custom built personal computers on demand. Therefore, it had very diminished schedule by comparison to its competitors. As a consequence of this, dingle was able to operate quite efficiently and accessionably in its niche market. By the late 1980s early 1990s, dell notice that its market shargon was just now 1% of total and that pains amalgamations could potentially force Dell out of the market.It was time to make a finis it could rest posture quo or pursue an aggressive proceeds strategy. The latter option proved to be favourable and Dell expanded into the B2B marketplace through a suppuration plan that focused on selling to retailers to improve its market share. The plan worked and Dell saw subsequent revenue developments of 268% within two course of studys, compared to industry suppuration of 5 %. 1 The good times came to an end in 1993 when Dell posted its first loss after eleven subsequent billet of profit. Dell decided to more efficiently manage its liquidity, profitability and growth and was exited the indirect retail channel where margins were exceptionally low . The retail channel had served its purpose, however, in assisting Dell as a brand to become well known throughout the market place. Following these measures, and the fact that Dell had exceptionally low relative inventory, they were able to become the first keep bon ton to launch the bare-ass Pentium knap computers and maintain first mover status with subsequent upgrades.Michael Dell was now in a position to forecast future growth for his company. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Michael Dell predicted that the companys growth rate for the next year would again outdo the industry. Dell needed to focus on how its working large(p) policy could assist in financial support future growth. Further, what other indis pensable and international financing options might assist Dell in reaching their goals? RECOMMENDATION Assuming Dells sales leave alone grow at 50% in 1997, h ow would you recommend that the company fund this growth?How much bully would need to be cut down and/or profit margin increase if the company were to fund its growth by relying only on internal sources of expectant? What steps would you recommend the company take? Dells attempt to increase its sales by 50% in 1997 provide require 2 major types of investments Investment in working smashing We estimate this figure to be $345M (please call down to face 1 for the detailed calculation). Investment in fixed assets Expansion of production leave behind most likely require the purchase of the additional equipment.There is no selective information available in the case on depreciation expenses or capital expenditures made by Dell in 1996 to support the 52% growth of sales. However, if we signify to Dells full financial l ines for 1996, we see that Dell spent $100M on capital expenditures and we assume it result spend approximately the very(prenominal) add up in 1997. 1 2 Richard Ruback, Dells workings capital letter, Harvard backup Review 9-201-029 (2003) 3. Ibid 1P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell cable strip From the projected figures in the Exhibit 1 we conclude that Dell will be able to finance the above investments exploitation the quest reinforcement sources wampum margins and management of the working capital cycle Assuming that there is a certain percentage of fixed damages in Dells equal social organisation, the company will be able to increase its concluding profit margin from 5. 1% in 1996 to 5. 6% in 1997, generating a last-place profit of $448M. scratch margin should be sufficient to cover additional working capital of $345 M if Dell is able to maintain its Cash reincarnation wheel ( cardinal) at 1996 takes of 47 long time. Maintaining the CCC at the same level is crucial for t his type of financing to be sufficient.An increase in DSO by 5 geezerhood will increase working capital delta up to $453M (refer to Exhibit 2) and will force Dell to increase margins, which may reduce revenues, or flavour for other sources of funding. Debt or use of the succinct consideration investment funds The use of these resources might be necessary for the financing the purchase of the equipment to expand the production capacity. both scenarios could take place 1. A one-off investment is required to be made in the beginning of the year.Since the company will have no contingency to sire profits or free up its working capital, it could either liquidate some of its short term investments of $591M or get a loan. The decision will depend on whether the rate of return on investment is higher or lower than the interest rate on the loan, taking after assess effects into consideration. If the rate of return is higher, Dell should finance the purchase of fixed assets through the loan, if it is lower , it should use its investment account to finance the capital expenditure. 2. tardy investment in capital expenditure is possible.This could be done only by using margins nonplusd within the year and decrease in CCC by managing dues- age cycle. If the company can manage to decrease its DSO days from 50 to 40 days, it can reduce its working capital delta to $126M (Exhibit 2), consequently making the stay net profit available for capital expenditures. How, if at all, would your answers to Question 3 chang e if Dell also repurchased $500 million of common stock in 1997 and repaid its semipermanent debt? If Dell decides to repay its debt of $113M and repurchase stock of $500M, the following steps could be underinterpreted.Stock repurchase A decrease in DSO by 10 days and increase in DPO by 10 days will release working capital of $44M in addition to cash profit based on $448M in accounting profit (most likely it is higher by the amount of depreciation). These ca sh amounts will then resign Dell to repurchase its stock. As Dell expands its node base and brand penetration in the market it can start working with prepayment for its orders which will help to collect the cash faster. Further, as the size of it of its orders to suppliers grows, it will be able to exercise its buyer power and negotiate more favourable payment terms.However the following action should be taken only if Dell shareholders could earn mend return at a similar level of risk in the market. In the current situation it seems that Dell performs get around than its competitors thus it would be more appropriate to invest the $500Mof free cash in advertize expansion. Debt repayment If Dell increases its margin up to 6. 8% it will be able to make an additional $110M in net profit to repay the debt. Another option is to free up some funds from short term investments. The decision will depend 2P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business quality on whether increase in wrong will lead to a significant loss of customers.If this is the case, the company should use its current cash reserves to perform the repayment. We also note, that 0% debt in the capital structure is most likely to be not optimal for the company and by using leverage Dell will be able generate better returns for its investors. DISCUSSION Explain how Dells working capital policy is a competitive advantage for the company? Strategy Built-to-Order Just-In-Time Delivery dispersal carry (Retail Stores) too soon Adoption of New Technology DELL ? ? X ? Apple X X ? X Compaq X X ? X IBM X X ? X Built to Order Unit production only begins after receiving customer orders over phone or via email.This significantly reduced the cracking inventory and hence reduced working capital requirements for funding inventory warehousing and inventory financing. Just-in-time Delivery Dells factory had close tangible proximity to its suppliers. Suppliers would ship parts only after customers placed orders, for just-in- time delivery. This helped to maintain accounts due to a minimum. No Retail Distribution Channels Since orders were only taken via email or phone, Dell was able to cut down on the costs of maintaining distribution channels and reduce accounts receivable from distributors and retailers.This reduced working capital requirements. Early Adoption of New Technology Low inventory levels helped Dell to quickly switch to newer product upgrades and reduce the cost of existing inventory turnovers compared to competitors. This further reduced working capital requirements. DSI Advantage As a result of above strategies, Dell achieved an average DSI of 40 between 1993 and 1995, compared to Apples 64, Compaqs 68 & IBMs 56. How did Dell fund its 52% growth in 1996?Please be sure to distinguish between internal and external sources of funding, and to argue the plenty -off between the use of external funds in order to maintain high growth rates. The 52% growth was a result of the new Pentium chip i ntroduction (Exhibit 3 from the case). Regarding working capital management, we noticed from Exhibit 2 from the case, excellent accomplishment in maintaining CCC at 40 days period product switches required double stock management. As the Pentium introduction was already launched in 1995, we assume that growth was constant and continuous during 1996 period.Compared to 1995, the 1996 financial performance for vulgar margin is lower by 1%, but net profit has increased by 1%. 3P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business Case To improve the availability of cash, Dell can implement factoring on receivables (internal) or negotiate with banks for short term creed lines and overdraft accounts (external). blush if CCC remains constant during this period of growth, balance sheets analysis shows that CCC changed from $428M in 1995 to $689M in 1996. As the debt level remained constant during these two periods, this wasted $261M was financed with internal funds.The two main sources of internal funds us ed to finance working capital and CAPEX (not detailed in case information) were The $272M 1996 net profit and the capital increase at $74M (total stock value difference between 1995 and 1996). Even if Dell decided to not reduce its amount of debt, this process will allow the company to reduce the Debt/Equity ratio keeping constant level of debt while significantly increasing equity. This strategy will bring Dell more tractableness for the future.The firm will be able to consider different options for future growth either the same strategy the issuance of more debt due(p) to their low leverage being relatively unleveraged. 4P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business Case APPENDIX Exhibit 1 communicate Income statement and balance sheet items for the year 1997 Item Sales Cost of sales Gross Margin Operating expenses Operating income Financing and other income Income taxes 30% Net profit 1996 (actual) 5 296 4 229 1 067 690 377 6 111 272 Growth Coefficient 1,5 1,5 1,4 1997 (projected) 7 944 6 3 44 1 601 966 635 6 192 448 Ratios 37 1 37 DSI 50 1 50DSO 40 1 40 DPO 47 1 47 CCC Balance sheet items 429 644 Inventory 726 1 089 Accounts receivable 466 699 Accounts payable 689 1 034 work Capital 345 Additional working capital required Projections for the year 1997 were built based on the following assumptions 1. Growth coefficient of 1,5 was applied to income sales and cost of sales to reflec t the projected 50% growth in operations 2. Growth coefficient of 1,4 was applied to operating expenses. The assumption was made that part of operating expenses are presented by fixed costs thus they dont grow at the operations growth ration. 0% rate was taken based on the year 1996 increase. 3. Income taxes were calculated using 30% rate being the rate on income tax in 1996 (calculated as Income taxes/(Operating income + Financing income)) 4. Ratios for the year 199 were calculated using the following radiation diagrams DSI=Inventory*365/COS DSO=Accounts Receivable*365/Sales DPO=Accounts Payable*365/COS 5. We assumed that company will maintain the average ratios for the year 1997 6. Using the sneak formula for ratios calculations we derived accounts receivable, accounts payable and inventory for 1999 from the projected sales and COS figures. . We calculated Working Capital for both years using the formula Inventory + Accounts receivable Accounts payable 8. Additional working capital required Working capital 1997 Working Capital 1996 5P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business Case Exhibit 2 Variations in working capital requirements 37 50 40 47 37 55 40 52 37 40 40 37 -10 days on DSO + 10 days in DPO 37 40 50 27 Inventory, $mln Accounts receivable, $mln Accounts payable, $mln 644 1 088 699 643 1 197 695 643 871 695 643 871 869 Working Capital 1997, $mln Working Capital 1996, $mln 1 033 689 1 145 689 818 689 645 689 344 456 129 -44 ItemDSI, days DSO, days DPO, days CCC, days Additional working capital required, $mln Ratios at 1996 level +5 days in DSO -10 days in DSO Exhibi t 3 Detailed calculations relative to question N2 6P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business Case 1 CCC worth calculation (see figures in red rectangle) CCC = DSI + DSO DPO From above table, CCC = inventories + Accounts receivables Accounts payable CCC1995 = 293 + 538 403 = 428 M$ CCC1996 = 429 + 726 466 = 689 M$ 2 Total stocks value (see figures in blue rectangle) Total value = Preferred stocks + Common stocks 1995 = 362 M$ 1996 = 436 M$ 7P a geDell Hbr Case StudyINTRODUCTION Dell Computers was started by Michael Dell in 1984. Dells primary differentiator was its business model. It sold primarily on the B2C market and custom built personal computers on demand. Therefore, it had very low inventory by comparison to its competitors. As a result of this, Dell was able to operate quite efficiently and profitably in its niche market. By the late 1980s early 1990s, Dell noticed that its market share was only 1% of total and that industry amalgamations could potentially force Dell out of the market.It was time to make a decision it could remain status quo or pursue an aggressive growth strategy. The latter option proved to be favourable and Dell expanded into the B2B marketplace through a growth plan that focused on selling to retailers to improve its market share. The plan worked and Dell saw subsequent revenue increases of 268% within two years, compared to industry growth of 5%. 1 The good times came to an end in 1993 when Dell posted its first loss after eleven subsequent quarters of profit. Dell decided to more efficiently manage its liquidity, profitability and growth and was exited the indirect retail channel where margins were exceptionally low . The retail channel had served its purpose, however, in assisting Dell as a brand to become well known throughout the market place. Following these measures, and the fact that Dell had exceptionally low relative inventory, they were able to become the first company to launch the new Pentium chip computers and maintain fi rst mover status with subsequent upgrades.Michael Dell was now in a position to forecast future growth for his company. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Michael Dell predicted that the companys growth rate for the next year would again outpace the industry. Dell needed to focus on how its working capital policy could assist in financing future growth. Further, what other internal and external financing options might assist Dell in reaching their goals? RECOMMENDATION Assuming Dells sales will grow at 50% in 1997, h ow would you recommend that the company fund this growth?How much capital would need to be reduced and/or profit margin increased if the company were to fund its growth by relying only on internal sources of capital? What steps would you recommend the company take? Dells attempt to increase its sales by 50% in 1997 will require 2 major types of investments Investment in working capital We estimate this figure to be $345M (please refer to Exhibit 1 for the detailed calculation). Inves tment in fixed assets Expansion of production will most likely require the purchase of the additional equipment.There is no data available in the case on depreciation expenses or capital expenditures made by Dell in 1996 to support the 52% growth of sales. However, if we refer to Dells full financial statements for 1996, we see that Dell spent $100M on capital expenditures and we assume it will spend approximately the same amount in 1997. 1 2 Richard Ruback, Dells Working Capital, Harvard Business Review 9-201-029 (2003) 3. Ibid 1P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business Case From the projected figures in the Exhibit 1 we conclude that Dell will be able to finance the above investments using the following funding sourcesProfit margins and management of the working capital cycle Assuming that there is a certain percentage of fixed costs in Dells cost structure, the company will be able to increase its net profit margin from 5. 1% in 1996 to 5. 6% in 1997, generating a net profit of $448M. Net margin should be sufficient to cover additional working capital of $345 M if Dell is able to maintain its Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) at 1996 levels of 47 days. Maintaining the CCC at the same level is crucial for this type of financing to be sufficient.An increase in DSO by 5 days will increase working capital delta up to $453M (refer to Exhibit 2) and will force Dell to increase margins, which may reduce revenues, or look for other sources of funding. Debt or use of the short term investment funds The use of these resources might be necessary for the financing the purchase of the equipment to expand the production capacity. Two scenarios could take place 1. A one-off investment is required to be made in the beginning of the year.Since the company will have no possibility to generate profits or free up its working capital, it could either liquidate some of its short term investments of $591M or get a loan. The decision will depend on whether the rate of return on investment is high er or lower than the interest rate on the loan, taking after tax effects into consideration. If the rate of return is higher, Dell should finance the purchase of fixed assets through the loan, if it is lower , it should use its investment account to finance the capital expenditure. 2. Gradual investment in capital expenditure is possible.This could be done only by using margins generated within the year and decrease in CCC by managing receivables-days cycle. If the company can manage to decrease its DSO days from 50 to 40 days, it can reduce its working capital delta to $126M (Exhibit 2), thus making the remaining net profit available for capital expenditures. How, if at all, would your answers to Question 3 chang e if Dell also repurchased $500 million of common stock in 1997 and repaid its long-term debt? If Dell decides to repay its debt of $113M and repurchase stock of $500M, the following steps could be undertaken.Stock repurchase A decrease in DSO by 10 days and increase in DP O by 10 days will release working capital of $44M in addition to cash profit based on $448M in accounting profit (most likely it is higher by the amount of depreciation). These cash amounts will then allow Dell to repurchase its stock. As Dell expands its customer base and brand penetration in the market it can start working with prepayment for its orders which will help to collect the cash faster. Further, as the size of its orders to suppliers grows, it will be able to exercise its buyer power and negotiate more favourable payment terms.However the following action should be taken only if Dell shareholders could earn better return at a similar level of risk in the market. In the current situation it seems that Dell performs better than its competitors thus it would be more appropriate to invest the $500Mof free cash in further expansion. Debt repayment If Dell increases its margin up to 6. 8% it will be able to make an additional $110M in net profit to repay the debt. Another opti on is to free up some funds from short term investments. The decision will depend 2P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business Case on whether increase in price will lead to a significant loss of customers.If this is the case, the company should use its current cash reserves to perform the repayment. We also note, that 0% debt in the capital structure is most likely to be not optimal for the company and by using leverage Dell will be able generate better returns for its investors. DISCUSSION Explain how Dells working capital policy is a competitive advantage for the company? Strategy Built-to-Order Just-In-Time Delivery Distribution Channels (Retail Stores) Early Adoption of New Technology DELL ? ? X ? Apple X X ? X Compaq X X ? X IBM X X ? X Built to Order Unit production only begins after receiving customer orders over phone or via email.This significantly reduced the outstanding inventory and hence reduced working capital requirements for funding inventory warehousing and inventory financing . Just-in-time Delivery Dells factory had close physical proximity to its suppliers. Suppliers would ship parts only after customers placed orders, for just-in-time delivery. This helped to maintain accounts payable to a minimum. No Retail Distribution Channels Since orders were only taken via email or phone, Dell was able to cut down on the costs of maintaining distribution channels and reduce accounts receivable from distributors and retailers.This reduced working capital requirements. Early Adoption of New Technology Low inventory levels helped Dell to quickly switch to newer product upgrades and reduce the cost of existing inventory turnovers compared to competitors. This further reduced working capital requirements. DSI Advantage As a result of above strategies, Dell achieved an average DSI of 40 between 1993 and 1995, compared to Apples 64, Compaqs 68 & IBMs 56. How did Dell fund its 52% growth in 1996?Please be sure to distinguish between internal and external sources of fund ing, and to discuss the trade -off between the use of external funds in order to maintain high growth rates. The 52% growth was a result of the new Pentium chip introduction (Exhibit 3 from the case). Regarding working capital management, we noticed from Exhibit 2 from the case, excellent performance in maintaining CCC at 40 days while product switches required double stock management. As the Pentium introduction was already launched in 1995, we assume that growth was constant and continuous during 1996 period.Compared to 1995, the 1996 financial performance for gross margin is lower by 1%, but net profit has increased by 1%. 3P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business Case To improve the availability of cash, Dell can implement factoring on receivables (internal) or negotiate with banks for short term credit lines and overdraft accounts (external). Even if CCC remains constant during this period of growth, balance sheets analysis shows that CCC changed from $428M in 1995 to $689M in 1996. As the debt level remained constant during these two periods, this extra $261M was financed with internal funds.The two main sources of internal funds used to finance working capital and CAPEX (not detailed in case information) were The $272M 1996 net profit and the capital increase at $74M (total stock value difference between 1995 and 1996). Even if Dell decided to not reduce its amount of debt, this process will allow the company to reduce the Debt/Equity ratio keeping constant level of debt while significantly increasing equity. This strategy will bring Dell more flexibility for the future.The firm will be able to consider different options for future growth either the same strategy the issuance of more debt due to their low leverage being relatively unleveraged. 4P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business Case APPENDIX Exhibit 1 Projected Income statement and balance sheet items for the year 1997 Item Sales Cost of sales Gross Margin Operating expenses Operating income Financing and other in come Income taxes 30% Net profit 1996 (actual) 5 296 4 229 1 067 690 377 6 111 272 Growth Coefficient 1,5 1,5 1,4 1997 (projected) 7 944 6 344 1 601 966 635 6 192 448 Ratios 37 1 37 DSI 50 1 50DSO 40 1 40 DPO 47 1 47 CCC Balance sheet items 429 644 Inventory 726 1 089 Accounts receivable 466 699 Accounts payable 689 1 034 Working Capital 345 Additional working capital required Projections for the year 1997 were built based on the following assumptions 1. Growth coefficient of 1,5 was applied to income sales and cost of sales to reflec t the projected 50% growth in operations 2. Growth coefficient of 1,4 was applied to operating expenses. The assumption was made that part of operating expenses are presented by fixed costs thus they dont grow at the operations growth ration. 0% rate was taken based on the year 1996 increase. 3. Income taxes were calculated using 30% rate being the rate on income tax in 1996 (calculated as Income taxes/(Operating income + Financing income)) 4. Ratios for the year 199 were calculated using the following formulas DSI=Inventory*365/COS DSO=Accounts Receivable*365/Sales DPO=Accounts Payable*365/COS 5. We assumed that company will maintain the average ratios for the year 1997 6. Using the reverse formula for ratios calculations we derived accounts receivable, accounts payable and inventory for 1999 from the projected sales and COS figures. . We calculated Working Capital for both years using the formula Inventory + Accounts receivable Accounts payable 8. Additional working capital required Working capital 1997 Working Capital 1996 5P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business Case Exhibit 2 Variations in working capital requirements 37 50 40 47 37 55 40 52 37 40 40 37 -10 days on DSO + 10 days in DPO 37 40 50 27 Inventory, $mln Accounts receivable, $mln Accounts payable, $mln 644 1 088 699 643 1 197 695 643 871 695 643 871 869 Working Capital 1997, $mln Working Capital 1996, $mln 1 033 689 1 145 689 818 689 645 689 344 456 129 -44 ItemDSI, day s DSO, days DPO, days CCC, days Additional working capital required, $mln Ratios at 1996 level +5 days in DSO -10 days in DSO Exhibit 3 Detailed calculations relative to question N2 6P a ge EDHEC MBA Dell Business Case 1 CCC worth calculation (see figures in red rectangle) CCC = DSI + DSO DPO From above table, CCC = inventories + Accounts receivables Accounts payable CCC1995 = 293 + 538 403 = 428 M$ CCC1996 = 429 + 726 466 = 689 M$ 2 Total stocks value (see figures in blue rectangle) Total value = Preferred stocks + Common stocks 1995 = 362 M$ 1996 = 436 M$ 7P a ge

Why I Deserve a Scholarship

I believe that I deserve a Big33 Scholarship for several occasions. My high answerance, academic achievement, determination, time management, financial need, need for college and to achieve better are all reasons I will discuss of why I believe I deserve a scholarship. The first reason is because I am very diligent in my studies and attend my classes every day. In my entire schooling career I missed very tokenish amounts of school.I have obtained perfect attendance in grades 9th, 11th, and am working on 12th grade. In my 10th grade year I lone(prenominal) missed one day of school. I have also had high honor roll every year in high school and think to continue it throughout college. Another reason is I am very determined when it comes to both work and school. I take both of these aspects very earnestly and when Im given an assignment or task, I feel very obligated to not only complete it, but do so both correctly and in a timely manner.Also I am very good at managing many thin gs at one time. For example, in my sophomore and junior year in high school I managed school, homework, church volunteer work, practicing the piano and attending my lessons and performances, babysitting (about 40 hours per week on the weekends, over iniquity) family and church activities and spending time with my friends, family and boyfriend.In my senior year I am managing school, homework, work, college and scholarship applications, practicing the piano and attending my lessons and performances, babysitting my nephew about one night per week, family activities, church events, student government events, and spending as much time as I can find with my friends, family, and boyfriend. Also, with just working a stripped-down wage job, I do not have enough money to go to college on my own funds.I am putting away a little bit of money from each pay check since I started my job but this, though it does add up and will help greatly is not going to be enough to cover my total of six years of schooling that is required to reach the position that I desire. My main penury for going to college is to get ahead of the society. I want to make something of myself instead of being like so many Americans today and not having enough preparation to stay employed in the jobs that are bombing and have a high potential for growth. Nursing greatly interested me because I enjoy working with people and like to make their day better in any way I can.I absolutely revel infants and that is why I want to continue my education until I reach a level of a Neonatal nurse. I want to obtain a job that I love to go to everyday. The quote by Confucius Choose a job you love and youll never have to work a day in your life is a huge motivation to me. That is why I chose nursing as my major, so I would get to work with infants, my favorite thing to do. These are a fewer reasons of why I believe that I deserve a scholarship from Big33 so that I can continue my education from high school and atten d college.

Wisdom: Virtue and People

My friend Lili is probably the only person who I could really turn to for advice and her wisdom and knowledge has always helped me through with(predicate) the rough propagation and the good times. I remember meeting Lili one day at school and asked if I could borrow a pencil from her during math class. When I returned it game she said I could have it but to try not to lose it since it is an obvious writing instrument to have. Well, after a few days I noticed she would sit alone during lunch time so I asked her if she wanted to join my friends and I for lunch, ever since we have been top hat of friends.According to my reading in my Positive Psychology books in Ch. 10 Table 10. 2 Classification of virtues and character strengths wisdom and knowledge is cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge. The delineate strengths describe her or what she possesses creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of observeing, and perspective. She has always been creat ive since day one when I asked to borrow a pencil. During that time we were learning how to make a pulley block out of paper and Lili knew how to do the cube without even asking how to make it. She could make things to be productive.I could recall during a camp out with a glob of girls how to make things out of sticks with leaves and such. It was amazing on how much she knew without really versed how to do it in the beginning. Her open-mindedness was well respected in our little time of knowing each other. One of the attributes I think of I develop most was learning to give good advice to those who come to me to talk nigh anything. She taught me how to give the trounce advice, but to give the advice I would give myself. Listening to people is a way to open your heart and let the people you love in. I think there are many reasons why she is wise.For example, the way she talks and gives advice to other people and also the attitude she has its so passionate and loving. I dont kno w what it is roughly her that people go up to her and trust her with boththing I find it amazing. Another example would be the past she has been through has made her smart about life story and about people. Going through bad and good times and taught her a lesson about life and about everything. She didnt have a life like every child had, she had a difficult life that made her suffer a lot. So I look up to her because I know she knows what she is talking about and how she deals with life.Also she does not depend on any one with anything, she has always done things on her admit. I think that the one attribute that I need to learn the most is listening to people before bighearted them my opinion because I have this habit that I usually make assumptions before hearing or knowing what the person is going through. This is the one that I need to gain so I can be there for people like my best friend has been there for people. Knowing what people have been through will help me be there for people and also help them out through the good and bad times.I am the type of person that I love being there for people even if I am struggling with my own problems because seeing how people deals with there problem helps me gain confidence about myself and solving other peoples problems as well. I cant say Im good at giving advice but I know that I could at least give more or lessone a good advice or even I could take some ones opinion to learn. So seeing my friend and the way she is there and how she helps me, the love she gives and how she gives company when I need someone makes me want to be that person as well. I know by this I will become a better person.

Use of “n” Word in Huck Finn

Others debate that it makes people uncomfort adapted and prevents them from understanding this great piece of American literature. The people who believe that the original text should be edited, focus their discontentedness on the racial tone of the language. The fact that the racial diss makes many people feel uncomfortable, is one of the main reasons they feel that way. In the article by Philip Rails, the scholar Alan Cribber says, Its a shame that one raillery should be a barrier between a marvelous reading experience and a draw play of readers(Rails 1).That Is exactly what people feel the word Niger is In Huckleberry Finn. It acts as a barrier for people who find It uncomfortable to read, and prevents them from comprehending the writing. In the article Houck Finn goes clean In new publication by Analyzer, an English teacher expresses why she doesnt estimate Its k to use the word. When youre using cytologic smears racial slurs, gender slurs, homosexuality slurs I concept ualise youre victimizing people (Layer 3). It is very true that blacks in America could get wounded if you say the word in a classroom or they read it in the novel.It probably reminds them of the hard times their ancestors went through or puts them into stereotype that they dont think they belong in. It is very easy for people to become uncomfortable with an insult give care the word in Houck Finn. The English teacher in Layers article also says, remember when I first read it in 1986 and I was thinking, Oh, wow. The racial slur Is problematic (Layer 2). Like many people, she feels as though striver would be more acceptable. It would make people feel more at ease and able to actually read the harbour without a distracting word.Teachers definitely do not want their students to be Immature about the n-word, especially if there are blacks in the classroom. If the students wouldnt be mature about it, it would be nice to have another choice. Readers, students and teachers also should h ave a choice in what they want to read. If they have the book with in it and dont want it, they should be able to choose what they want. As long as they are comfortable and do not distract or offend the reader than the point of the book is shown. While the reasons for replacing the slur are reasonable, people are still tryingly against censoring Houck Finn.They feel as though removing the insult would compensate what had happened in the past. The way we treated the slaves was extremely harsh and this Is a way America can remember as well as forbear from making a mistake Like that In the future. Another reason readers dont want to censor the novel Is the fact that they are censoring a major(ip) novel. In the article Why a new edition of Houck Finn Is By Alexandra Petri, Petri discusses her displeasure with the censorship of the novel. She says, This is like turning Death of a Salesman into room pump of Darkness or all the darkness (Petri).Even memorialize Twain himself said abou t the difference between slave and Niger is the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning (Controversy as new edition ). If they censor American literature, what will be next? Many argue that they dont know where the removing of all things bad will stop. Great deals of readers think that the racial slur is crucial to how the readers interpret the whole story. In the article, Houck Finn goes clean An English professor explains how important it is to be shaken and feel uncomfortable with the word Niger (Layer).It depicts the time period in which it happened accurately, and though it wasnt, and still isnt, something that is acceptable, it still brings out the point of the novel. Mark Twain put the word in there for a purpose, not Just to do it. He uses it to bring out some of the chaff. Petri says in her article that regardless of the fact that slavery was in full throttle, Mark Twain was still able to use irony to show how wrong it was (Petri). Granted, the usage of the word Niger was normal in that time period, but now the satire Twain uses seems al the more relevant.His satire is still shown to this very day. Also, the characters would not have said slave, it is more realistic if Houck was to say Niger because, to him, thats what a slave was. It was completely normal, whether we think it was or not. All in all, the choice is up to the readers. If the reader feels that the n word is too offensive to read, the option to read a different word should be open to them. We cant distract people from the meaning of the story if they get disgruntled and embarrassed.No one has the right to deny someone tenderheartedness when reading a book. The novel is partially about striving for freedom. While freedom comes with a price, shouldnt everyone have the freedom to choose which way they want to read something? However, it is also important to know that the word was there in the first place. It is true that the story could lose its meaning by taking out what m akes the satire so uncomfortable. The word is an important part of the story, but if people understand it than why are they not allowed to enjoy the piece that people admire so much?

Funeral Customs

Funeral custom world wide Death the act of dying the end of life the total and permanent cessation of all the vital functions of an organism. Death is a very painful and emotional time, all the same angiotensin-converting enzyme that whitethorn be filled with hope and mercy and is base off of the worlds phantasmal traditions and of philosophical enquiry. Belief in some kind of afterlife or rebirth has been a central aspect of most, if not all, religious traditions and as a result of that over time in that location has been different type of funeral customs developed in the world. The trace of funeral service is a history of mankind. Funeral customs argon as old as evolution itself.Funeral customs argon rites surrounding the dying of a human being and the subsequent disposition of the corpse. Such rites may serve to mark the passage of a person from life into goal, to secure the wel furthither of the dead, to comfort the living, and to protect the living from the dead. Disposa l of the tree trunk may be by burial , by conservation or by cremation , by exposure or by other methods. Funeral ceremonies have accredited common features for example, the displace out of the corpse the watching of the dead, of which the wake is a standard example and the period of mourning with the accompanying ceremonies. www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1E1-funeralc) Every culture and civilization attends to the right-hand(a) care of their dead. Every culture and civilization ever studied has three things in common relating to death and the disposition of the dead. Some type of funeral rites, rituals, and ceremonies or a sacred place for the dead and memorialization of the dead Researchers have found burial grounds of Neanderthal man dating to 60,000 BC with animal antlers on the body and flower fragments conterminous to the corpse indicating some type of ritual and gifts of remembrance. www. wyfda. org/basics) Funeral customs were diverse in many cultures. Some culture enured the staminate funerals different from the female funerals. The Cochieans buried their women, but suspended their men from trees. The Gonds buried their women but cremated their men. The Bongas buried their men with their faces to the North and their women with their faces to the South. (www. wyfda. org/basics) Body burial or direct burial simply means placing a body in the ground after death, although it also applies to storing the whole body aboveground in a ausoleum, vault, or other type of crypt. (www. condole with. com/articles/body-burial-arrangements)they also found that in the medieval time the king would be buried without a heart. (Puckle 120) The Gonds are among the largest tribal groups in South Asia and perhaps the world. The term Gond refers to tribal peoples who live all over Indias Dec stooge Peninsula. Most describe themselves as Gonds (hill people) or as Koi or Koitur. (www. everyculture. com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Gonds. ) Funeral custom hasnt really changed over t ime thither are still similar or same customs still used today.They often had Memorials which allow friends, relatives and acquaintances to hold their feelings and to share their memories. Many bereaved people find them helpful and are pleased to have provided a ceremony their loved ones would have wanted. (www. humanism. org. uk/ceremonies/humanist-funerals-memorials) Native American burial customs have varied widely, not only geographically, but also with time, having been shaped by differing environments, social structure, and spiritual beliefs.Prehistoric civilizations evolved methods of caring for the dead that reflected either the seasonal movements of nomadic societies or the life ways of settled communities organized around fixed locations. As they evolved, burial practices included dissimilar forms of encasement, sub-surface interment, cremation, and exposure. Custom normally dictated some type of purification ritual at the time of burial. Certain ceremonies called for s econdary interments following incineration or exposure of the body, and in such cases, the rites might extend over some time period.Where the distinctions in social status were marked, the rites were more elaborate. The Plains Indians and certain Indians of the Pacific Northwest commonly secure above-ground burials using trees, scaffolds, canoes, and boxes on stilts, which decayed over time. (www. nps. gov/history/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb41/nrb41_5) Many of our funeral customs have their historical basis in pagan rituals. Modern mourning costume came from the custom of wearing special clothing as a disguise to hide identity from returning spirits.Pagans believed that returning spirits would fail to recognize them in their new attire and would be confused and overlook them. Covering the face of the deceased with a sheet stems from pagan tribes who believed that the spirit of the deceased escaped through the mouth. They would often hold the mouth and nose of a sick person shut, hoping to retain the spirits and delay death. Feasting and gatherings associated with the funeral began as an essential part of the bad-mannered funeral where food offerings were made. Wakes held today come from ancient customs of keeping watch over the deceased hoping that life would return.The lighting of candles comes from the use of fire mentioned earlier in attempts to protect the living from the spirits. The practice of ringing bells comes from the common medieval belief that the spirits would be kept at bay by the ringing of a consecrated bell. The firing of a rifle volley over the deceased mirrors the tribal practice of throwing spears into the air to ward off spirits hovering over the deceased. Originally, hallowed water was sprinkled on the body to protect it from the demons. Floral offerings were originally intended to gain favor with the spirit of the deceased.Funeral music had its origins in the ancient chants designed to quell the spirits. (www. wyfda. org/basics) Funerals rank among the most expensive purchases many consumers result ever make. A traditional funeral, including a casket and vault, costs about $6,000, although extras like flowers, obituary notices, mention cards or limousines can add thousands of dollars to the bottom line. Many funerals run well over $10,000. (www. pueblo. gsa. gov/cic_text/misc/funeral/funeral. ) More and more people are choosing to be cremated, and at that place are even more choices for cremation urns than for caskets (www. uneralplan. com) The time after the death or passing away of a people in India are given a lot of importance. As per the Hindu Holy Scripture like the Bhagwat Git, it is believed that the soul of the person who has just passed away is on its way to the next level of cosmos at such a time. As such, it is with an intention to help the departed soul in a peaceful crossover to that next level of his /her existence, that Indians surveil so many death rites and rituals. Basic idea behind the Indians following all these funeral traditions is to show reverence to the deceased person.Normally during this time, all the family members share separately others sorrows and pray, so that the soul of the deceased person rests peacefully. At the end of one year, all elderly members of the deceased person gather in one case again for the Shraad ceremony. The 3rd, 5th, 7th or 9th day after the death of the person are also important, as all relatives gather to have a meal of the deceaseds favorite foods. A small amount of the food is offered before his /her photo and later, it is ceremonially leftover at an abandoned place, along with a lit diya.However, there may be slight variations in the way people of different religious sect observe this death rite. (www. iloveindia. com/indian-traditions/funeral-traditions) Chinese funeral rites and burial customs are determined by the age of the deceased, cause of death, status and position in society, and marital status Preparation for a funeral often begins before a death has occurred. When a person is on his/her deathbed, a jewel casket will often have already been ordered by the family. A traditional Chinese coffin is rectangular with three humps, although it more common in modern times for a western style coffin to be used.The coffin is provided by an funeral undertaker who oversees all funeral rites. When a death occurs in a family all statues of deities in the house are covered up with red paper not to be exposed to the body or coffin and all mirrors are removed it is believed that one who sees the reflection of a coffin in a mirror will shortly have a death in his/her family. A white cloth is hung over the doorway to the house and a gong is placed to the left of the entrance if the deceased is a male, and to the right if female.At the wake, the family members of the deceased gather around the coffin positioned according to their rank in the family and special clothing is faint-hearted Children and daugh ters-in-law wear black signifying that they grieve the most grandchildren, blue and great grandchildren, light blue. Sons-in-law wear brighter colors, such as white, since they are considered outsiders. The children and daughters-in-law also wear a ruffian of sackcloth over their heads. The eldest son sits at the left shoulder of his parent and the deceaseds spouse on the right. Relatives arriving later must crawl on their knees towards the coffin.The funeral ceremony traditionally lasts over 49 days the first seven being the most important. Prayers are said every seven days for 49 days if the family can afford it. Otherwise, the period can be shortened by three to seven days. Usually, it is the responsibility of the daughters to bear the funeral expenses. The head of the family should be present for at to the lowest degree the first and possibly the second prayer ceremony. The number of ceremonies conducted depends on the financial situation of the family. The head of the family should also be present for the burial or cremation.In the second tradition, the prayer ceremony is held every 10 days The initial ceremony and three succeeding periods of 10 days until the final burial or cremation. (www. chinaculture. org) The funeral and religious custom of burying the dead in Africa has some of the most complex customs. The ceremony is purely animist, and apparently without any set ritual. The main exclusion is that the females of the family of the deceased and their friends may undergo mournful lamentations. In some instances they work their feelings up to an ostentatious, frenzy-like degree of sorrow.The revelry may be heightened by the use of alcohol, of which drummers, flute-players, bards, and singing men may partake. The funeral may last for as long as a week. Another funeral custom, a kind of memorial, frequently takes place seven days after the persons death. These funerals and especially the memorials may be extremely expensive for the family in ques tion. Cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry, may be offered in remembrance and then consumed in festivities. Some funerals in Ghana are held with the deceased put in elaborate fantasy coffins colored and shaped after a certain object, such as a fish, crab, boat, and even an airplane. www. a-to-z-of-manners-and-etiquette. com/funeral-and-religious-customs. ) Japanese funeral customs vary widely from region to region, so a generic description is not possible. The religion of the deceased persons family also has a bearing on the final arrangements, as do other factors such as the age at which the person died social status and the familys economic circumstances. The body is put on dry ice(3) in a room at the mortuary or in foregoing of the family altar (most Japanese are Buddhists) and the next of kin stay with it or close-by until it is time to put it in the casket.By this time all of the close relatives will have changed into black suits and black kimono or black dresses. The Buddhist pr iest arrives at the scheduled time and is offered green tea. He speaks briefly with the family, during which time people who have not entered the room yet come in and sit on the floor (or on chairs if it is a funeral hall). After everyone has entered, the priest turns to the altar, bows, lights incense and begins to read a sutra.During the sutra reading, the priest gives a charge and the members of the family, who are seated in hierarchical order, rise and go to the incense urn, bow, offer incense, bow again and return to their seats. After the family members have finished, the visitors repeat the ritual until everyone has finished. The priest finishes the sutra, after which everyone bows to the altar and the wake service ends. Depending on the Buddhist sect, everyone may chant the mantra of the Buddhist sect in unison at points during the service. The funeral is usually held on the day after the wake service.The body is transferred to a temple (in the case where the wake was held at home) and placed before the altar that the mortuary has constructed in front of the temple altar. A wooden tablet inscribed with the posthumous name (4) of the deceased is placed on the altar or in front of it. The posthumous name is assigned and inscribed by the priest. (www. tanutech. com/japan/jfunerals) A Jewish funeral service is conducted in a funeral home or the family home as soon as possible after death typically within 24 hours. Funeral attire consists of dark-colored clothing, a dress or skirt and blouse for women, and a pate and tie for men.Men also wear a head covering cognise as a yarmulke, which will be provided by the funeral director for non-Jewish male guests. Guests should refrain from wearing symbols of other religions, such as a cross. Only family members attend the burial. Condolence visits by friends and extended family are welcomed during the seven-day mourning period known as shivah. Friends and neighbors may prepare the familys first meal following th e funeral and may also bring gifts of food during shivah. If you bring food, make sure it is kosher, unless you know for certain that the family doesnt keep kosher. www. thelightbeyond. com/funeral_etiquette_customs_across_cultures) Just as there is a way to live as a Jew, there is also a way to die and be buried as a Jew, writes Blu Greenberg in her book, How to Run a Traditional Jewish Household (Fireside, 1983). This classic guide to Jewish living outlines traditional death rituals and practical issues, although many of these practices have been adapted somewhat by Reform Jews. The first thing to do after a death in the family, if you blend in to a synagogue and the family member lives near you, is to contact your rabbi or another synagogue leader.Usually, the synagogue will take over many of the arrangements. However, when your family member lives far away and is not a member of a congregation, or when you are not a member, funeral homes can often suggest rabbis who will conduc t a funeral. Jewish burials take place as quickly as possible, following a principle of honoring the dead (kvod hamet). Only if immediate relatives cannot arrive in time from abroad, or there is not enough time for burial before Shabbat or a holiday, are burials postponed for a day. Anything less is considered a dismay of the dead, Greenberg explains. www. jewishfederations. org/page. aspx? id=937) .When a Muslim is near death, those around him or her are called upon to give comfort, and reminders of Gods mercy and forgiveness. They may recite verses from the Quran, give physical comfort, and encourage the dying one to recite words of remembrance and prayer. It is recommended, if at all possible, for a Muslims last words to be the declaration of faith I bear witness that there is no god but Allah. Upon death, those with the deceased are encouraged to remain calm, pray for the departed, and begin preparations for burial.Muslims strive to bury the deceased as soon as possible after death, avoiding the need for embalming or otherwise disturbing the body of the deceased. An autopsy may be performed, if necessary, but should be done with the utmost compliancy for the dead. (islam. about. com/cs/elderly/a/funerals) The male in Muslim culture body get completely washes before they die. (Triton 1) The different funeral customs has provided evidence that there are so many different way to perform a ceremonies burial rituals etc Funeral customs has provided different tradition around the world to be spreadhead through different culture and countries worldwide.Work Cited 1. http//www. chinaculture. org/gb/en_chinaway/2004-03/03/content_46092. htm 2. http//www. iloveindia. com/indian-traditions/funeral-traditions. html 3. http//www. wyfda. org/basics_2. html 4. http//www. caring. com/articles/body-burial-arrangements 5. http//www. humanism. org. uk/ceremonies/humanist-funerals-memorials 6. http//www. a-to-z-of-manners-and-etiquette. com/funeral-and-religious-customs. html 7. http//www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1E1-funeralc. html 8. http//www. tanutech. com/japan/jfunerals. html 9. http//www. jewishfederations. org/page. aspx? id=937

Managing Improvement Essay

AC 2.1 Assess an opportunity for innovation and improvement in own brass instrumentAs already discussed in Section 1, disdain productivity and permute target non occur without effecting communitys psychology to effect variety. I ab initio felt that control would be fundamental to addressing and identify issues to exclusivelyow reflection to curriculum a way forward to address issues, such as, mental process solicitude, productivity, enduringness and understanding the judgements of the genius-on-ones to effect and improve individuals and team goals, and linking this to the business excogitation. This onward motion I felt would helper in establishing the individuals goals to r separatelying and exceeding report per urinateance indicators, such as completing pass judgmentments within clock timescales, as communication would be flowing in comply of planning and execution, as substitute flock precisely be effectively weaponed by dint of proper planning and communication (Peter, 2006)For supervision to be effective it necessarily to combine a performance caution approach with a dynamic, empowering and enabling supervisory relationship. Supervision should improve the quality of practice, support the reading of integrated raceing and ensuring continuing professional instruction (pg 141, Tilmouth &Quallington, 2012).An example of this is ensuring employers understand why performance targets are in place. For example if a worker is told they have to have a assessment completed within a specific time only when are given no reason for this then their motivation to complete the requested assessment does non occur. However, if you develop that delay in assessments realise delays in services that are provided for children, and this could have a detrimental impact.This hence gives reason and creditability to a worker which gives meaning and this tin result in the work creation completed as required and thereforeensuring targets are met in follow of time attention in take up with the identified business plan, and guidance and audits in watch of Ofsted are met. Crawford 2013, would agreed with me as he believes that failure in executing alteration is not collect to the strategy but in the way the change is delivered and executed in respect of rung psychology (2013, Building and Effective diversify charge giving medication Second Edition)I realised by giving reason and understanding as to why such deadlines and expectations were in place and allowing staff members to reflect on this, putting ideas in place, such as how work payload management could be addressed. This not only motivated staff but this effected a change in their views regarding their own practice, this conspired to have a arbitrary ripple effect with regard to service bringing as a full unit.This approach to a fault assisted in addressing areas that Ofsted had risen especially with regard to listening and communicating with staff to ef fect confirmatory change and also how we could improve the menstruation work load management formation. This saw an increase in productivity and we as a team were going over and above the expected targets in all areas in respect of services service deli truly and identifying services that would be efficient with regard to addressing concerns and putting appropriate interventions in place kinda of reverting to crisis management like we had been criticised for previously.Nevertheless, issues continued to be identified with regard to achieving in all areas of the business plan for example issues around cost, consistent supervision and identifying teach needs. This was due to implications in respect of policies and procedures, as there was no formation in place that could assess workload management and also have what was needed to monitor the success and efficiently in respect of conference encountering the services exploiters needs, Ofsted and also issues such as cost, espec ially as extra time had importantly increased to go over timely responses and reduce delay. This therefore was not addressing the issue with regard to productivity and effectiveness. I also sensed that delays in some see were being created to enable staff to claim money with regard to overtime. and so, I was sleek over identifying issues in respect of staff members psychology in respect of meeting targets as their views mollify appeared disjointed and addressingthis and progressing staff through change with regard to addressing work load management in respect of meeting all key performance indictor would initially be a difficult task to achieve especially in respect of meeting the business plan and Ofsteds expectations in relation to areas such as cost, consistent supervision and guidance in respect of work load management and training need. Therefore this created an opportunity for me to develop a system to improve work load management and create systems to enable work load ma nagement to be audited to ensure it was meeting all the requirements with regard to the business plan and Ofsted.AC 2.2 Justify the improvement identified, in the context of organisation objectivesAs already discussed it became apparent that the workload management system needed to be developed and changed to enable staff to meet the required targets, especially as current policy and political docket was highlighting this as a substantial issue in respect of work load and work load management (Munro 2011). As this was known to be impacting on production, cost and linked to serious case reviews throughout the UK. I found within all political agenda, the topical anaesthetic authority business plan and Ofsted, their reference to work load, considered and discussed the number of cases flock had, but no consideration was given to the complexities of the cases and therefore impacting on the time and resources that would be required.I believed this was having a significant impact on mov ing forward and assessing issues such as productivity, staff members development/training and cost. Therefore, a system needed to be in place to evaluate and identify staff members work gobs which could address and assist with the issues raised above. Furthermore within team meetings this issue was being raised by staff members. Therefore, I considered that a system was needed that looked at not only the number of cases concourse held but the level of complexity and this in my opinion could be a fair system than people being given a set number of cases.In tramp to address, assess and justify the improvements required I needed to look at a framework to assist me in how to effect the change to improve workload management in respect of this. This was how the point system was born. I will discuss advance within the abutting divisions how this system was developed and the excuse for the system. at heart the current environment I work in today Solution Focused Approach is applied to all parts of the business, this includes problem solving, reviewing and acknowledging what is to be achieve, by analyse and identify including what works well and what may have to be make differently to achieve and then of course making adjustments and taking a step forward to make the changes. Although this theory I felt would be useful in respect of assisting with the psychology of change and the transition through change with staff I felt I needed a theory which would assist me in pinpoint the issues and identifying quickly innovation and changes required in order to put actions in to place and put timescales around those actions. In order to monitor success and of course address areas for developmentTherefore, I believed that the SWOT analytic thinking would enable me to understand the issues, review innovation and of course implement the change. This method would also assist in the justification of change or identify if change was necessary.Swot Analysis is a structured p lanning method used to evaluate strengths weakness opportunities and threats gnarly in undertaking a task or project. This enables the internal and external factor to be considered with regard to achieving an objective.HelpfulHarmfulInternal OriginStrengthsComplexities of work would be identified and levels in respect of repair members of staff completing the work would be identified.Clearer planning and time scales with regard to staff meeting targets as thelevel of complexity had been identified.Identifying training needsCreating a clear guide for supervision with regard to performance management that promotes consistent supervisions as the format used would be in place throughout the topical anaesthetic authority.Targets being incorporated into one document would be able to monitor key performance indictorsCost as this could reduce overtime as this could assist with staff not being overloaded.WeaknessStaff not buying in.The points system being business and performance lead and not addressing the personal grimace in respect of the individual.This would result in limited buy in from staff and the transition of change being hindered and placing barriers with regard to change.Time in respect of music directors having to review and implement the points system estimate not being completed to an appropriate standard as focus being on time and work load. External OriginOpportunitiesProductivity and efficiently with regard to services users having their needs met.A more effective serviceReduction in public outgoThreatsCost regarding change of systemsNot meeting Ofsteds standards resulting in failureThis Swot Analysis enabled me to consider and plan a framework in respect of how a pointing system could work. I developed a pointing system in respect of weekly expectations and identified points for a number of tasks that had to be undertaken throughout the week. I also consider some other issues that would also need to be taken into account including staff membe rs personal issues such as holidays and training as I knew they would also have to be considered and reflected within the points systems. I also realised that this tool would assist in the justification of paying overtime as if staff members were over pointed then overtime could be paid.The points I developed were reflected as the number of hours a week a member of staff works and the more complex the case the higher the points were increased. I also consider guidance that was provided from the government and Ofsted in respect of caseloads and the management of case loads to ensure the point system met all their requirements. The points plan was then put before precedential management and was approved to be used under a pilot scheme to see if this had a substantiative change in respect of work load management, for example, productivity (consistent supervisions as a guide would be in place regarding performance management), identifying training needs and cost.AC 2.3 Use a range of techniques to generate innovative options to deliver the improvement identifiedAlthough I had used Swot Analysis in respect of planning and underdeveloped change as I knew a change needed to happen. I was still in a position in which I did not know how to go about delivering it. Where did I start? Whom did I involve? And how did you see it through?I therefore recognised that I needed a methodology to assist me in taking leadership in effecting and assess the change that I was trying to achieve.I found there was numerous methods, tools and models, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. However, as previously discussed and identified by Hiatt and Creasey (2012), I needed a methodology that would not only engineer an approach to improving business performance but would also address the psychology to managing the human side of change.I considered Prosci Change Management Methodology Maturity Model as this focuses on the the people side of change. The model reinforces the need f or individuals to change and understand change by instillingAwareness This is recognizing the need for change.Desire Who needs to participate in the change?Knowledge Who has the knowledge to guide the change?Ability Who will implement skill sets and change behaviours?Reinforcement Who will lay the foundation for change initially and for the future? (Hiatt & Creasy, 2012)However this focused too heavily on the individual and I needed a model that not only looked at the individual psychology to change but also engineered an approach to improving business performance, in which a leadership role could be filter though and assist in an opportunity to reflect to ensure the changes being made when honorable for staff, meeting the business plan and also meeting the guidance set out by Ofsted. If this was incorrect then the consequences would be detrimental resulting in the topical anaesthetic authority failing. Therefore a process was require in which the change could be constantly review ed and adapted to ensure it was meeting all the needs initially identified.I found most methodologies that I reviewed derived from Kotters 8 steps to change. Kotter 1995 identified an 8- quantity process for leading change. The key principle covered by each of these steps relates to establishing strong leadership, peoples response, ability and approach to change.Step 1 Establishing a Sense of UrgencyStep 2 Creating the Guiding optical fusionStep 3 Developing a Change VisionStep 4 Communicating the Vision for Buy-inStep 5 Empowering Broad-based ActionStep 6 Generating Short-term WinsStep 7 Never Letting UpStep 8 Incorporating Changes into the Culture.Therefore this model would allow me to see where the business was at the play time and identify areas of improvement and the strengths already in place. It would assist in steering it in the right direction and put actions and goals in place to meet the short and long term objectives, not only identified in the business plan but also i n respect of Ofsted, services users needs and staffs needs.AC 2.4 Evaluate options for generating the proposed improvement to determine feasibility and viabilityAs previously discussed and highlighted in Section 1, a work load management scheme was in place and it had been deemed appropriate although it was raised that there was still areas that needed improvement which had been raised in the Ofsted inspection in 2013.This needed to be addressed and reviewed in order for improvements to be seen in respect of Stocktons rating in relation to Ofsted. The areas as already discussed were in respect of supervision, opportuneness of social workers responses and assessment in respect of service delivery and cost.And as discussed although there was a system in place which was deemed to be appropriate, it was evident from staff, senior management and Ofsted that this had to be developed to meet the needs of the service as it was still creating inconsistencies in the areas raised above. Theref ore the system I reviewed and planned would, and was evaluated to create the outcomes we were trying to improve in the areas identified. It would be keeping in line with the business plan and the expectations of Ofsted but also with what staff members were requesting to develop a system that assisted them in the day today management of their workload.It appeared feasible to put this plan into place as it appeared achievable as it was in line with all the recommendations and there was already a foundation for this to be built upon with the current work load management system in place. Also the cost to the development and structure of this plan would be minimal and could hopefully see a reduction in government spending.However, I recognised there could be disruptions to the delivery and putting the plan in place with regard to the new workload system, in relation to how this was rolled out and managed with the organisation. Especially, if it was not conveyed appropriately as shield w ould occur and internal and external factors already previously discussed would be impacted upon and not appropriately addressed. This would therefore create a barrier and could potentially thwart the change from occurring , therefore not addressing the issues raised by Ofsted and Ofsted potentially failing the local authority as the issues identified in the previous audit had not been addressed.Learning outcome/ Section 3 Be able to lead and manage change within a organisation, planning and implementing a project to meet, and if workable exceed, customer expectationAC 3.1 Create a change in management and improvement plan that is designed to meet and possible exceed customers and other stakeholders expectationsTherefore to address the issues raised in section 2 of this assignment I used Kotters 8 step process, 1995, to assist me and lead the change in respect to putting the work load management points system in place to change how work load management was evaluated and reviewed.T his is how I approached it In respect of Step 1 Establish a sense of urgencyAs already identified for a change to happen it helps if all involved wantsthe change to happen. It was already identified that this change was wanted by all, including Ofsted, senior management and ground staff. Therefore this created a sense of urgency and as already discussed these issues had been raised from supervisions, team meetings management meeting and Ofsted audit. This therefore sparked the motivation required, and although ideas had been formed people were also contributing and providing ideas to establish a way forward. As already discussed this was not about focusing and criticising individuals on what was not working but providing an honest and transparent dialogue about expectations and the impact it has on as whole in respect of Ofsted, services users and staff themselves.This created a positive vibe in respect of doing things differently in relation to work load management. Kotter 1995 sug gests that for change to be successful over 75% of the work force involved has to buy into the change. This was why I worked hard within individual supervision, team meetings and management meetings to create and build a sense of urgency as I recognised appropriate preparation was required so everyone involved could move to the next step and be positive(p) that they felt a change was required and that they would buy into this change.Step 2 Creating the Guiding CoalitionI recognised that I had to stand strong as a leader and have clear conviction as to how the change would not only impact staff but would be beneficially in respect of meeting Ofsted targets and the business plan, for example, to using this as a tool to develop supervision so supervision became for consistent. I realised if I had key significant people support this vision that they could assist on the development of the change. For example the policy and procedure business manager found the ideas regarding the change regarding work load management would be beneficial and he believed it could be incorporated in to the current policies and procedures and recognised that this could have a positive effect in respect of meeting targets for Ofsted in a very innovative way. As a result of this a steering group was developed and incorporated in this group was myself, senior management, management and ground staff.Step 3 Developing a Change VisionAs already discussed I provided my vision and plan which I had developed using SWOT Analysis. We used this tool as the bases to develop the idea I had initially formed. This enabled ideas to be tweaked slightly but it provided an overall vision which people could grasp and easily remember. This allowed people to see what was trying to be achieved and gave a sense of direction. From this a format, a tool regarding the points system and a points system was developed which was not only going to be used as a weekly guide for the Assessment Team but was going to be d eveloped for all teams within the local authority but would be adapted for the needs of the individual teams. one time again bring consistency within the whole of the organisation.Step 4 Communicating the Vision for Buy-inI found that communication was key to any form of change and in the initial stages of the development, discussion were held constantly with everyone regarding how systems could be put in place to effect positive change with regard to workload management (in respect of delivery, reviewing and monitoring), and throughout the process I discussed progress and issues we were finding with everyone to prepare people for the change but also to make people part of the change.So many times i have found especially within local authorities special meetings are held to communicate a vision, however, in my view this does not assist with regard to preparing people and assisting people to go through that transition of change. I found talking about it at every go on assisted in p eople taking ownership of the change and being part of the decision making and also problem solving if issues did arise. It also helps for people to have a clear understanding and promotes a consistent structure.AC 3.2 implement the plan, monitoring progress against agreed targetsStep 5 Empowering Broad-based ActionWhen I reached this point I found the majority of the staff members were excited about the changes and were ready for it to commencement in respect of the overhaul in relation to work load management. However, I did findthere were a few people who were resisting with regard to the changes and were reluctant to see how the changes would be of benefit to them. They focused heavily on that their overtime would be reduced and they questioned how the points system would be monitor in relation to ensuring the point for the different levels of complexities were monitor and pointed correctly.I found there was justification in their concerns and realised quickly if these barriers were not addressed the feasibility and execution of the points system would fail, therefore, there had to be some consideration as to how this could be reviewed not only by management but by all including staff and Ofsted who would of course question why different levels of complexities had been pointed. I found the answer was already in place which had been highly commended by Ofsted and this was our Performance Indicator clinics. This system already reviewed on an individual/team basis the throughput of work. By adjusting this slightly we could still review the throughput of work but develop it to ensure the points and time given to different complexities of work married with the time given for work to be completed.This also would assist in the following step to see within a short period of time if the system was achieving goals which would boast motivation as peoples achievement would be highlighted immediately. The proposal of the slight changes in the performance clinic staff b ecame empowered and became ready for the pilot scheme to commence. Staff members were feeling confident and were discussing the benefits to the system and this was already being structured into case and personal supervisions. This resulted in the pilot scheme starting.Step 6 Generating Short-term WinsAs planned the system very quickly identified short term wins in respect of the distribution of work for example instead of people have 14 cases each, where one person may have 14 cases of high complexity and another may have a case load of 14 of low complexity people were feeling that cases were being evenly distributed and this was evidence by the points sheets being distributed to staff and senior management.Performance clinics were also identifying that the throughput of work was increasing as people cases were more manageable as they were being evenly distributed. It was also evidencing training needs for individuals to support them with the differentcomplexities of cases and in re spect of cost we found that overtime reduced as people were managing to complete work in the required time. However, staff members were able to justify immediately if they required overtime, if they were over pointed and this had a positive motivating feel for all involved.As a result we developed as a team that instead of allowing assessments to go 45 days, assessment that could be completed at an early stage would be done so, and this was managed and reviewed within fortnightly case supervision, creating a consistent supervision guide. This developed a very positive attitude to work load management in which individuals were becoming accountable for monitoring and reviewing their own case load and giving them self time scales, which they were taking ownership of, with oversight from management.This had a significant change with regard to figures in respect of the turnover of assessment and when this was reviewed by the government statistics against other local authorities we were b eing commended for the assessment being completed in a timely manner and we did not have one assessment that went out of timescales which in this day and age is a huge achievement. To ensure assessment were still to a high level, assessment were still being quality assured by management and also being audit regularly by senior management and due to positive feedback this created a very motivated work force.Step 7 Never Letting UpKotter 1995 argues that many change projects fail because victory is declared too early although we realised that this change was very positive and it was having a positive effects, we knew the long term goal would have to ensure that this system then assisted and filtered into all core business, for example rolling through the all the teams, ensuring a reduction in government spending and ensuring standards remained high in respect of Ofsted audit. We knew this was a bases that could be used and developed to meet the needs of all of the services but it need ed to be continued to be built upon and opportunities would continue to be identified to improve the service.Therefore key to this was developing it and linking it to all core business which was initially discussed in section 2 by the business and policy and procedure management. Quick wins are therefore only the beginning of what is needed to be done to achieve long-term change, as each success provides an opportunity to build on what went right and identify what you can improve.Step 8 Incorporating Changes into the Culture.Therefore to ensure the changes stood we looked at rolling it out to all of the core business within the whole organisation. The feedback within the entire organisation from refuge collection to maintenance in respect of the points system was very positive as it was a system that was adaptable to meet every section of the local authority. In respect of senior management they had a system that clearly showed performance and identified areas of strength and weakne ss and what needed to be done to build on these areas, and in respect of staff they had a tool that assisted them on a day to day basis in respect of work load management.This assisted in the change becoming solid in the organisational culture and this has lead to positive support by everyone involved. This was reinforced further by the audit which I discussed in Section 1 in which Northumberland found the system that we developed was so exceptional that they believed that this would assist in the their organisation. This therefore is not only being seen in our organisation now but it is now being rolled out to other local authorities and positive feedback is being given and this continues to promote the support and the continuation of the change. Therefore when we are audited by Ofsted we hope the changes made will increase our rating as an effectively run local authority.Reference2013, John Crawford. (Building and Effective Change Management Organisation Second Edition) pdf London Crawford Consultant. Available at http//http//crawford consulting.org Accessed 01/12/2014.Hiatt, J.M.., & Creasey, T. J. (2012) Change Management the People Side ofChange. Colorado, USA Prosci Learning Center.Kotter, J.P. (1995) Leading Change, United States Harvard Business School Press. Munro, E (2011) The Munro Review of electric shaver Protection A Child Centred System. London The Stationary Office Limited2006, Peters A.H. (Understanding and Managing Change) pdf Sydney, Australia The Project Perfect White Paper Collection. Available at http//www.projectperfect.com.au Accessed 7 November 2014.Tilmouth, T., & Quallington, J. (2012) Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young Peoples Services. Oxon Bookpoint Ltd.